Estudios científicos
Association between wine consumption and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Abstract:
Background: Alcohol consumption is related to the risk of developing different types of cancer. However, unlike other alcoholic beverages, moderate wine drinking has demonstrated a protective effect on the risk of developing several types of cancer.
Objective: To analyze the association between wine consumption and the risk of developing cancer.
Methods: We searched the MEDLINE (through PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases to conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled relative risks (RRs) were calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird methods. I2 was used to evaluate inconsistency, the τ2 test was used to assess heterogeneity, and The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale were applied to evaluate the risk of bias. This study was previously registered in PROSPERO, with the registration number CRD42022315864.
Results: Seventy-three studies were included in the systematic review, and 26 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled RR for the effect of wine consumption on the risk of gynecological cancers was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.08), that for colorectal cancer was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.03), and that for renal cancer was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.04). In general, the heterogeneity was substantial.
Conclusion: The study findings reveal no association between wine consumption and the risk of developing any type of cancer. Moreover, wine drinking demonstrated a protective trend regarding the risk of developing pancreatic, skin, lung, and brain cancer as well as cancer in general.
Comentarios divulgativos:
Esta revisión sistemática y metanálisis resume y analiza por primera vez la evidencia científica disponible hasta la fecha sobre la asociación entre el consumo de vino y el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer. En sus conclusiones los autores señalan que los estudios publicados no muestran una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el consumo de vino y un mayor riesgo de cáncer en general, cáncer en el tracto digestivo superior, colorrectal, renal, pancreático, de piel, pulmón, cerebro o ginecológico. La heterogeneidad de los resultados es sustancial. Recomiendan cautela y señalan que son necesarias nuevas investigaciones que permitan evaluar mejor el consumo de vino.
La mayoría de las investigaciones realizadas hasta el momento analizan la relación entre el consumo y el riesgo de cáncer, centrándose en la cantidad total consumida, pero sin valorar si el tipo específico de bebida influye en resultados obtenidos. Mientras que el alcohol se ha relacionado con un mayor riesgo de desarrollar varios tipos de cáncer, hay estudios que indican que el consumo moderado de vino tiene un efecto protector en el riesgo de desarrollar algunos cánceres.
Este trabajo incluye datos de 73 estudios internacionales observacionales. 31 estudios de cohortes y 42 estudios casos-control, 26 de los cuales se incluyeron en el metanálisis.
